Vertical structure of the Kelvin wave








Stratospheric Kelvin wave is understood as a gravity wave, yet the tropospheric Kelvin wave is understood as a standing wave between the first and the second baroclinic mode. Instead of having two different paradigms to understand the tropospheric and stratospheric Kelvin wave. Gravity wave dynamics is used to undertand both the tropospheric and stratospheric wave. Tropospheric wave is treated as the upward wave, while the stratospheric wave is considered as the downward wave.



Interaction between downward Kelvin wave and QBO


Stratospheric Kelvin wave is understood as a gravity wave, yet the tropospheric Kelvin wave is understood as a standing wave between the first and the second baroclinic mode. Instead of having two different paradigms to understand the tropospheric and stratospheric Kelvin wave. Gravity wave dynamics is used to undertand both the tropospheric and stratospheric wave. Tropospheric wave is treated as the upward wave, while the stratospheric wave is considered as the downward wave.



On MJO Initiation and moisture mode



Initiation mechanism of the MJO is still an open question in the MJO's literature. Many theories discuss the initiation of MJO. Those theories could be categorized into mechanisms that are tight to the tropical regions or mechanisms that are related to the mid-latitude mechanisms. Theories that are related to MJO initiation over the tropical region could be classified into mechanisms that are based on the local change of atmospheric/ocean parameters or mechanism that are related to circumnavigating MJO. Those theories that are related to the local change of atmospheric/ocean parameters are based on famous theories that explain the growth of tropical convection like The wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) feedback or cloud-radiation-moisture feedback. The circumnavigating (upstream or downstream) theories are based on the influence of previous MJO over the maritime-continent or Pacific ocean which is conducted based on Rossby or Kelvin waves.