Pandas 1: Introduction to Pandas¶

Overview¶

`Pandas`, along with `Matplotlib` and `Numpy`, forms the Great Triumvirate of the scientific Python ecosystem. Its features, as cited in https://pandas.pydata.org/about/, include:¶

A fast and efficient DataFrame object for data manipulation with integrated indexing;
Tools for reading and writing data between in-memory data structures and different formats: CSV and text files, Microsoft Excel, SQL databases, and the fast HDF5 format;
Intelligent data alignment and integrated handling of missing data: gain automatic label-based alignment in computations and easily manipulate messy data into an orderly form;
Flexible reshaping and pivoting of data sets;
Intelligent label-based slicing, fancy indexing, and subsetting of large data sets;
Columns can be inserted and deleted from data structures for size mutability;
Aggregating or transforming data with a powerful group by engine allowing split-apply-combine operations on data sets;
High performance merging and joining of data sets;
Hierarchical axis indexing provides an intuitive way of working with high-dimensional data in a lower-dimensional data structure;
Time series-functionality: date range generation and frequency conversion, moving window statistics, date shifting and lagging. Even create domain-specific time offsets and join time series without losing data;
Highly optimized for performance, with critical code paths written in Cython or C.
Python with pandas is in use in a wide variety of academic and commercial domains, including Finance, Neuroscience, Economics, Statistics, Advertising, Web Analytics, and more (such as atmospheric science!).

Prerequisites¶

Concepts	Importance	Notes
Python basics	Necessary
Numpy basics	Helpful

Time to learn: 30 minutes

Imports¶

To begin using Pandas, simply import it. You will often see the nickname pd used as an abbreviation for pandas in the import statement, just like numpy is often imported as np.

import pandas as pd

Typically, one uses Pandas to read from and/or write to files containing tabular data … e.g., text files consisting of rows and columns. Let’s use for this notebook a file containing NYS Mesonet (NYSM) data from 0200 UTC 2 September 2021.

First, let’s view the first and last five lines of this data file as if we were using the Linux command-line interface.

Tip: In a Jupyter notebook, you can invoke Linux commands by prepending each Linux command with a !

# Directly run the Linux `head` and `tail` commands to display the first five lines and last five lines from the data file.
dataFile = '/spare11/atm533/data/nysm_data_2021090202.csv'
!head -5 {dataFile}
!echo .
!echo .
!echo .
!tail -5 {dataFile}

station,time,temp_2m [degC],temp_9m [degC],relative_humidity [percent],precip_incremental [mm],precip_local [mm],precip_max_intensity [mm/min],avg_wind_speed_prop [m/s],max_wind_speed_prop [m/s],wind_speed_stddev_prop [m/s],wind_direction_prop [degrees],wind_direction_stddev_prop [degrees],avg_wind_speed_sonic [m/s],max_wind_speed_sonic [m/s],wind_speed_stddev_sonic [m/s],wind_direction_sonic [degrees],wind_direction_stddev_sonic [degrees],solar_insolation [W/m^2],station_pressure [mbar],snow_depth [cm],frozen_soil_05cm [bit],frozen_soil_25cm [bit],frozen_soil_50cm [bit],soil_temp_05cm [degC],soil_temp_25cm [degC],soil_temp_50cm [degC],soil_moisture_05cm [m^3/m^3],soil_moisture_25cm [m^3/m^3],soil_moisture_50cm [m^3/m^3]

ADDI,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,13.3,13.4,92.5,0.00,0.00,0.00,2.6,5.8,0.9,344,16,3.0,6.2,1.0,346,13,0,951.47,,0,0,0,19.9,20.3,19.9,0.52,0.44,0.44

ANDE,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,14.0,13.7,100.0,0.28,10.67,0.00,1.9,2.6,0.4,356,16,2.2,3.3,0.5,355,14,0,947.40,,0,0,0,19.1,19.1,19.3,0.25,0.21,0.14

BATA,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,14.8,16.3,77.5,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.9,2.3,0.2,310,5,2.0,2.5,0.2,314,4,0,979.93,,0,0,0,20.5,21.5,21.3,0.25,0.21,0.22

BEAC,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,16.0,15.9,98.6,1.93,37.53,0.48,3.2,6.5,1.4,25,17,3.7,7.5,1.4,24,17,0,994.69,,0,0,0,18.4,19.3,19.8,0.51,0.36,0.37

WFMB,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,12.9,13.6,75.0,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.8,1.5,0.3,253,26,0.8,2.0,0.3,250,27,0,941.26,,0,0,0,18.8,19.9,19.9,0.24,0.18,0.20

WGAT,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,13.8,13.8,79.5,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.4,4.0,1.0,8,33,1.8,4.6,1.0,11,34,0,959.46,,0,0,0,18.8,20.2,20.7,0.16,0.25,0.08

WHIT,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,15.7,15.8,95.9,0.00,0.00,0.00,1.4,2.6,0.4,342,19,1.6,3.2,0.6,348,18,1,1006.29,,0,0,0,19.3,20.3,20.1,0.28,0.47,0.46

WOLC,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,14.0,16.6,84.6,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.4,0.9,0.2,350,19,0.6,1.4,0.3,353,20,0,996.90,,0,0,0,21.9,23.5,24.2,0.18,0.03,0.07

YORK,2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC,12.0,13.9,96.0,0.00,0.00,0.00,0.0,0.3,0.1,274,0,0.2,0.6,0.2,244,22,0,991.17,,0,0,0,20.5,21.8,21.9,0.13,0.24,0.24

We can see that this file has comma-separated values, hence the csv suffix is used for naming. It has a line, or row at the top identifying what each column corresponds to, data-wise. Then, there follows 126 rows, in alphabetical order for each of the 126 NYS Mesonet sites.

Note: Occasionally, some columns may have missing data. For an example of this, change the dataFile's file name so it references 0000 UTC Sep. 11, 2020, and then rerun the cell. Examine Wolcott's (WOLC) values. Change back to 0200 UTC 2 Sep. 2021 and re-run before you proceed!

Although there is a lot of interesting data in this file, it’s all currently in a text-based form, not terribly conducive to data analysis nor visualization. Pandas to the rescue!

Let’s introduce ourselves to Pandas’ two core objects: the DataFrame and the Series.

The pandas `DataFrame`…¶

… is a labeled, two dimensional columnal structure similar to a table, Excel-like spreadsheet, or the R language’s data.frame.

dataframe schematic

The columns that make up our DataFrame can be lists, dictionaries, NumPy arrays, pandas Series, or more. Within these columns our data can be any texts, numbers, dates and times, or many other data types you may have encountered in Python and NumPy. Shown here on the left in dark gray, our very first column is uniquely referrred to as an Index, and this contains information characterizing each row of our DataFrame. Similar to any other column, the index can label our rows by text, numbers, datetimes (a popular one!), or more.

It turns out that a Pandas DataFrame consists of one or more Pandas Series. We’ll discuss the latter in a moment, but for now, let’s create a DataFrame from our text-based data file.

We can read the data into a Pandas DataFrame object by calling Pandas’ read_csv method, since the data file consists of comma-separated values.

df = pd.read_csv(dataFile)

Tip: We have used a generic object name, df to store the resulting DataFrame. We are free to choose any valid Python object name. For example, we could have named it nysmData21090200 (note that Python object names cannot start with a number).

By simply typing the name of the DataFrame object, we can see its contents displayed in a browser-friendly format. Since we passed no arguments besides the name of the csv file, the DataFrame has the following default properties:

The first and last five rows and columns are displayed
The column names arise from the first line in the file
The row names (or more precisely, row index names) are numbered sequentially, beginning at 0.

df

	station	time	temp_2m [degC]	temp_9m [degC]	relative_humidity [percent]	precip_incremental [mm]	precip_local [mm]	precip_max_intensity [mm/min]	avg_wind_speed_prop [m/s]	max_wind_speed_prop [m/s]	...	snow_depth [cm]	frozen_soil_05cm [bit]	frozen_soil_25cm [bit]	frozen_soil_50cm [bit]	soil_temp_05cm [degC]	soil_temp_25cm [degC]	soil_temp_50cm [degC]	soil_moisture_05cm [m^3/m^3]	soil_moisture_25cm [m^3/m^3]	soil_moisture_50cm [m^3/m^3]
0	ADDI	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.3	13.4	92.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.6	5.8	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.9	20.3	19.9	0.52	0.44	0.44
1	ANDE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	13.7	100.0	0.28	10.67	0.00	1.9	2.6	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.1	19.1	19.3	0.25	0.21	0.14
2	BATA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.8	16.3	77.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.9	2.3	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.5	21.5	21.3	0.25	0.21	0.22
3	BEAC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.0	15.9	98.6	1.93	37.53	0.48	3.2	6.5	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.4	19.3	19.8	0.51	0.36	0.37
4	BELD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.3	14.5	94.9	0.00	1.16	0.00	2.6	4.8	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	20.1	20.2	0.50	0.43	0.41
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
121	WFMB	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.9	13.6	75.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.8	1.5	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	19.9	19.9	0.24	0.18	0.20
122	WGAT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.8	13.8	79.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.4	4.0	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	20.2	20.7	0.16	0.25	0.08
123	WHIT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.7	15.8	95.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.4	2.6	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.3	20.3	20.1	0.28	0.47	0.46
124	WOLC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	16.6	84.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.4	0.9	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.9	23.5	24.2	0.18	0.03	0.07
125	YORK	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.0	13.9	96.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.3	...	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.5	21.8	21.9	0.13	0.24	0.24

126 rows × 30 columns

Pandas allows us to use its set_option method to override the default settings. Let’s use it so we see all rows and columns.

pd.set_option('display.max_rows', None)
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', None)

df

	station	time	temp_2m [degC]	temp_9m [degC]	relative_humidity [percent]	precip_incremental [mm]	precip_local [mm]	precip_max_intensity [mm/min]	avg_wind_speed_prop [m/s]	max_wind_speed_prop [m/s]	wind_speed_stddev_prop [m/s]	wind_direction_prop [degrees]	wind_direction_stddev_prop [degrees]	avg_wind_speed_sonic [m/s]	max_wind_speed_sonic [m/s]	wind_speed_stddev_sonic [m/s]	wind_direction_sonic [degrees]	wind_direction_stddev_sonic [degrees]	solar_insolation [W/m^2]	station_pressure [mbar]	snow_depth [cm]	frozen_soil_05cm [bit]	frozen_soil_25cm [bit]	frozen_soil_50cm [bit]	soil_temp_05cm [degC]	soil_temp_25cm [degC]	soil_temp_50cm [degC]	soil_moisture_05cm [m^3/m^3]	soil_moisture_25cm [m^3/m^3]	soil_moisture_50cm [m^3/m^3]
0	ADDI	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.3	13.4	92.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.6	5.8	0.9	344.0	16.0	3.0	6.2	1.0	346.0	13.0	0	951.47	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.9	20.3	19.9	0.52	0.44	0.44
1	ANDE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	13.7	100.0	0.28	10.67	0.00	1.9	2.6	0.4	356.0	16.0	2.2	3.3	0.5	355.0	14.0	0	947.40	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.1	19.1	19.3	0.25	0.21	0.14
2	BATA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.8	16.3	77.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.9	2.3	0.2	310.0	5.0	2.0	2.5	0.2	314.0	4.0	0	979.93	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.5	21.5	21.3	0.25	0.21	0.22
3	BEAC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.0	15.9	98.6	1.93	37.53	0.48	3.2	6.5	1.4	25.0	17.0	3.7	7.5	1.4	24.0	17.0	0	994.69	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.4	19.3	19.8	0.51	0.36	0.37
4	BELD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.3	14.5	94.9	0.00	1.16	0.00	2.6	4.8	0.7	38.0	24.0	2.8	5.0	0.8	39.0	24.0	0	954.02	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	20.1	20.2	0.50	0.43	0.41
5	BELL	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.6	14.2	85.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.2	3.6	0.4	56.0	9.0	2.4	3.6	0.4	53.0	7.0	0	994.13	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.1	20.7	20.7	0.29	0.30	0.38
6	BELM	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.3	11.7	97.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.4	0.1	114.0	5.0	1	963.45	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	20.5	20.3	0.38	0.29	0.30
7	BERK	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.4	15.5	93.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.1	5.6	0.7	334.0	16.0	3.4	6.6	0.9	335.0	15.0	1	963.65	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.1	19.9	19.7	0.50	0.45	0.45
8	BING	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.1	14.0	99.6	0.00	0.10	0.00	2.3	5.0	1.3	3.0	24.0	2.7	5.4	1.4	11.0	19.0	0	947.08	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	20.1	20.3	0.23	0.17	0.32
9	BKLN	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	19.9	20.0	97.9	3.21	75.19	0.93	3.4	9.5	2.3	350.0	31.0	4.2	11.8	2.8	358.0	28.0	0	995.02	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
10	BRAN	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.7	13.4	93.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.1	148.0	5.0	0	986.88	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.5	21.1	21.1	0.18	0.19	0.29
11	BREW	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.2	16.5	99.7	1.01	26.89	0.27	4.9	9.8	1.7	28.0	23.0	5.5	9.9	1.8	30.0	21.0	0	981.90	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.3	20.3	20.3	0.41	0.33	0.35
12	BROC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.8	16.7	87.2	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.9	1.2	0.1	237.0	15.0	0.9	1.4	0.2	243.0	17.0	0	991.82	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.7	21.9	21.7	0.17	0.16	0.18
13	BRON	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	18.0	17.8	99.0	6.86	110.35	1.84	6.8	11.5	2.0	17.0	20.0	7.7	12.8	2.1	19.0	17.0	0	993.97	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
14	BROO	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.3	13.2	97.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.5	3.6	1.0	3.0	27.0	2.0	5.0	1.1	6.0	31.0	0	951.42	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.5	19.9	19.5	0.53	0.47	0.34
15	BSPA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.9	14.9	96.5	0.00	2.48	0.00	0.5	1.4	0.4	108.0	32.0	0.8	1.8	0.4	102.0	35.0	0	995.70	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	21.7	21.3	0.49	0.39	0.39
16	BUFF	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.8	14.4	97.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.2	0.6	0.2	332.0	16.0	0.6	1.0	0.2	344.0	24.0	0	991.53	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.1	21.1	21.1	0.21	0.20	0.27
17	BURD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.3	13.5	92.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.0	6.4	1.4	14.0	30.0	2.4	6.6	1.5	14.0	22.0	0	944.80	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.3	19.5	19.3	0.29	0.24	0.28
18	BURT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.5	14.7	96.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.5	0.8	0.1	184.0	14.0	0.6	0.8	0.1	194.0	20.0	0	1001.10	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.1	21.8	21.8	0.15	0.17	0.14
19	CAMD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	NaN	15.5	79.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.6	1.1	0.2	318.0	21.0	0.7	1.3	0.2	322.0	21.0	0	992.91	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.3	20.9	21.3	0.26	0.18	0.27
20	CAPE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	10.8	14.3	92.7	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.1	1.3	0.1	40.0	3.0	1.1	1.4	0.2	41.0	2.0	0	1001.73	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.4	18.6	17.7	0.14	0.23	0.15
21	CHAZ	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.4	16.0	92.3	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.6	2.2	0.2	305.0	10.0	1.7	2.5	0.2	308.0	9.0	0	1004.86	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.9	20.4	19.9	0.19	0.12	0.13
22	CHES	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.5	14.6	100.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.8	1.4	0.5	311.0	10.0	0.8	1.7	0.5	316.0	15.0	0	972.13	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.0	18.8	18.8	0.13	0.20	0.15
23	CINC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.7	14.7	94.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.1	4.3	0.8	16.0	21.0	2.5	5.2	0.9	22.0	19.0	0	960.11	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	19.7	19.7	0.32	0.36	0.23
24	CLAR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.9	14.0	97.9	0.52	13.89	0.11	0.8	2.0	0.5	2.0	28.0	1.0	1.8	0.4	5.0	26.0	0	939.43	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.9	19.1	19.3	0.22	0.22	0.15
25	CLIF	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.7	15.2	89.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.1	1.7	0.2	308.0	15.0	1.2	1.9	0.3	310.0	13.0	0	988.85	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.7	21.3	21.3	0.23	0.21	0.25
26	CLYM	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.2	13.3	NaN	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.2	1.4	0.1	310.0	4.0	1.2	1.5	0.1	314.0	4.0	0	960.61	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.1	20.9	20.7	0.31	0.27	0.13
27	COBL	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.7	14.5	96.3	0.00	4.02	0.00	2.2	4.4	0.7	46.0	14.0	2.4	4.5	0.7	51.0	13.0	0	971.09	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.9	20.7	20.5	0.23	0.24	0.29
28	COHO	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.6	13.0	81.1	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.4	4.9	0.6	342.0	10.0	3.8	5.5	0.7	346.0	8.0	0	942.30	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	19.4	18.9	0.28	0.29	0.35
29	COLD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	14.2	87.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.1	2.7	0.3	17.0	13.0	2.3	3.3	0.4	15.0	8.0	0	959.80	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	20.5	20.7	0.12	0.13	0.12
30	COPA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.6	15.7	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	4.0	8.1	1.3	50.0	20.0	4.6	6.9	1.3	48.0	15.0	0	NaN	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	19.1	18.8	0.47	0.34	0.36
31	COPE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.2	12.3	94.4	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.8	1.7	0.4	252.0	22.0	1.0	2.0	0.4	257.0	21.0	0	982.49	NaN	0.0	0.0	NaN	19.2	19.5	NaN	0.45	0.26	NaN
32	CROG	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.3	12.4	92.2	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.2	1.3	0.3	353.0	23.0	0.5	1.8	0.3	355.0	24.0	0	963.02	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.5	20.5	20.1	0.10	0.12	0.08
33	CSQR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.9	15.0	83.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.5	1.3	0.3	333.0	41.0	0.7	1.6	0.3	331.0	39.0	1	994.69	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.5	19.9	19.9	0.26	0.20	0.27
34	DELE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.3	12.0	93.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.5	2.8	0.1	339.0	3.0	2.8	3.2	0.2	349.0	3.0	1	940.90	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.1	20.1	20.1	0.44	0.44	0.46
35	DEPO	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.0	16.1	90.1	0.05	3.17	0.00	2.5	5.8	1.5	1.0	28.0	3.0	6.6	1.7	356.0	25.0	0	971.43	NaN	0.0	0.0	NaN	19.9	20.7	NaN	0.17	0.27	NaN
36	DOVE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.0	NaN	95.2	1.35	24.69	0.36	2.1	4.1	0.8	1.0	34.0	2.5	5.2	1.0	5.0	31.0	0	990.72	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.6	21.5	21.5	0.39	0.22	0.15
37	DUAN	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.2	13.1	100.0	0.36	6.11	0.00	0.9	2.5	0.5	48.0	28.0	1.3	3.8	0.7	47.0	24.0	0	961.08	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.5	20.2	20.1	0.55	0.38	0.42
38	EAUR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	10.6	12.9	97.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.1	0.4	0.1	115.0	0.0	0.2	0.6	0.2	124.0	19.0	0	968.56	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.2	20.3	20.1	0.33	0.41	0.31
39	EDIN	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.8	14.8	97.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.6	1.7	0.4	3.0	25.0	0.7	1.8	0.4	359.0	25.0	0	972.19	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.9	20.9	21.1	0.13	0.14	0.10
40	EDWA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	10.3	12.1	98.2	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.5	0.6	0.1	29.0	3.0	0.6	0.8	0.1	26.0	4.0	0	987.28	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.5	17.9	17.9	0.24	0.36	0.29
41	ELDR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.9	NaN	98.6	0.64	16.78	0.16	0.9	2.3	0.4	96.0	39.0	1.1	2.5	0.5	105.0	39.0	0	964.96	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.1	20.1	20.7	0.38	0.52	0.51
42	ELLE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.8	13.2	90.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.8	2.3	0.3	262.0	7.0	2.0	2.8	0.3	261.0	6.0	0	977.08	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.6	17.6	17.5	0.27	0.20	0.20
43	ELMI	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.2	15.5	89.7	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.0	3.3	0.4	342.0	18.0	2.4	3.9	0.5	349.0	14.0	0	971.06	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.9	21.5	21.3	0.28	0.34	0.43
44	ESSX	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.1	15.6	95.1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.3	0.9	0.3	256.0	12.0	0.6	1.2	0.3	255.0	15.0	0	1004.93	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.9	21.1	20.7	0.30	0.40	0.35
45	FAYE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.7	16.1	85.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.4	1.9	0.2	35.0	10.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	0	989.48	NaN	0.0	0.0	NaN	20.7	21.3	NaN	0.22	0.23	NaN
46	FRED	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.9	16.3	73.7	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.8	2.3	0.2	106.0	7.0	2.0	2.7	0.3	107.0	7.0	0	984.52	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.9	21.1	20.9	0.22	0.30	0.31
47	GABR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.3	11.9	92.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.4	0.7	0.2	10.0	0.0	0.5	1.2	0.2	23.0	12.0	0	950.19	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.9	17.5	17.6	0.17	0.31	0.33
48	GFAL	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.0	16.2	93.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.3	1.8	0.2	43.0	14.0	1.5	2.2	0.3	42.0	13.0	0	998.84	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.5	21.3	21.1	0.42	0.44	0.45
49	GFLD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.3	14.5	88.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.1	1.5	0.2	317.0	19.0	1.1	1.6	0.2	315.0	19.0	0	981.42	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.9	19.3	18.9	0.22	0.32	0.30
50	GROT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.1	15.5	89.4	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.5	6.5	0.9	356.0	15.0	3.9	7.1	1.0	2.0	14.0	0	964.52	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	18.9	18.8	0.28	0.23	0.17
51	GROV	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.2	12.6	86.1	0.00	0.00	0.00	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	2.2	4.3	0.7	357.0	12.0	0	941.71	NaN	0.0	0.0	NaN	19.3	19.5	NaN	0.33	0.32	NaN
52	HAMM	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.3	16.8	95.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.2	0.1	320.0	0.0	0.2	0.7	0.3	9.0	7.0	0	998.49	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.1	19.4	19.1	0.15	0.25	0.27
53	HARP	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.4	13.6	96.6	0.18	10.54	0.00	3.1	5.7	1.2	80.0	29.0	3.6	7.0	1.4	81.0	24.0	0	948.19	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.6	19.3	19.0	0.31	0.28	0.52
54	HARR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.8	12.9	77.1	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.3	2.3	0.4	42.0	15.0	1.3	2.8	0.4	43.0	13.0	0	954.45	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.9	18.9	18.8	0.38	0.35	0.41
55	HART	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.3	11.6	91.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.6	6.7	0.7	359.0	12.0	5.2	7.2	0.9	5.0	7.0	0	927.71	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	18.9	18.9	0.32	0.35	0.44
56	HERK	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.4	14.6	98.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.5	2.0	0.3	270.0	8.0	1.7	2.4	0.3	270.0	8.0	0	984.55	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.5	20.3	20.5	0.17	0.28	0.41
57	HFAL	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.9	15.9	99.5	0.86	21.89	0.20	4.3	7.5	1.3	19.0	22.0	4.8	8.5	1.3	20.0	18.0	0	983.12	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	21.1	22.1	0.47	0.35	0.35
58	ILAK	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.0	12.7	98.2	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.4	0.9	0.2	14.0	14.0	0.6	1.2	0.2	11.0	18.0	0	953.97	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.3	17.7	17.9	0.24	0.13	0.38
59	JOHN	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.3	14.4	96.0	0.00	0.44	0.00	1.9	2.9	0.5	19.0	29.0	2.1	3.5	0.7	13.0	25.0	0	983.14	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.3	20.3	19.9	0.42	0.38	0.33
60	JORD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.7	16.2	73.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.3	2.5	0.5	329.0	17.0	1.4	2.8	0.6	332.0	16.0	0	996.35	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.5	21.7	21.7	0.17	0.22	0.25
61	KIND	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.7	16.7	98.6	0.73	9.75	0.19	2.3	5.1	1.0	358.0	16.0	2.6	6.0	1.1	356.0	14.0	0	999.45	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.3	21.9	21.7	0.46	0.41	0.44
62	LAUR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.9	13.8	96.5	0.00	0.28	0.00	1.3	3.7	0.8	359.0	58.0	1.8	4.6	0.9	350.0	58.0	0	951.51	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.6	18.9	18.6	0.39	0.43	0.31
63	LOUI	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.2	14.2	96.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.3	0.1	166.0	0.0	0.4	0.7	0.2	120.0	18.0	0	1001.70	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.2	17.2	18.0	0.16	0.12	0.12
64	MALO	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.0	13.7	89.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.3	2.7	0.1	172.0	3.0	2.6	3.1	0.2	177.0	3.0	0	984.16	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.3	17.5	17.3	0.25	0.25	0.29
65	MANH	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	18.7	NaN	100.0	4.64	111.03	1.22	5.4	9.5	2.0	352.0	24.0	6.6	12.5	2.2	352.0	18.0	0	989.30	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
66	MEDI	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.2	13.4	94.3	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.3	0.5	0.1	191.0	0.0	0.5	0.6	0.1	198.0	16.0	0	993.19	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.1	21.5	21.5	0.22	0.24	0.30
67	MEDU	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.2	14.2	94.4	0.56	10.39	0.15	3.1	5.4	1.1	21.0	20.0	3.5	7.5	1.3	25.0	20.0	0	964.00	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.7	19.1	18.8	0.39	0.37	0.38
68	MORR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.5	14.5	95.7	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.9	3.1	0.5	335.0	15.0	2.2	3.8	0.6	335.0	14.0	0	965.57	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.9	18.4	18.6	0.21	0.27	0.27
69	NBRA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.8	14.9	94.0	0.27	8.95	0.00	1.4	3.2	0.8	298.0	29.0	1.7	3.6	0.8	296.0	30.0	0	953.34	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.9	20.7	20.5	0.44	0.43	0.50
70	NEWC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.5	11.8	98.2	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.5	1.0	0.3	216.0	7.0	0.6	1.2	0.3	216.0	9.0	0	953.41	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.1	18.8	18.0	0.30	0.28	0.17
71	NHUD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.9	14.8	83.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.6	3.0	0.6	45.0	11.0	1.8	3.3	0.6	43.0	10.0	0	976.34	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.7	23.0	22.9	0.06	0.05	0.06
72	OLDF	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.9	12.5	89.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.6	1.5	0.4	357.0	24.0	1.0	2.2	0.5	353.0	24.0	0	949.52	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.9	18.6	18.2	0.46	0.51	0.46
73	OLEA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.0	14.0	83.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.8	1.4	0.3	285.0	20.0	0.9	1.7	0.3	289.0	18.0	1	959.02	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.5	20.3	19.9	0.35	0.41	0.35
74	ONTA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	18.2	19.5	63.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.1	4.4	0.8	26.0	14.0	2.2	4.4	0.8	23.0	15.0	0	999.85	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.8	21.5	21.7	0.19	0.21	0.20
75	OPPE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.9	14.1	100.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.5	1.1	0.2	302.0	8.0	0.7	1.1	0.2	304.0	8.0	0	968.07	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	20.3	20.3	0.33	0.39	0.23
76	OSCE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.4	14.4	72.1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.7	1.7	0.5	81.0	47.0	1.0	2.6	0.5	98.0	48.0	0	971.95	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	20.1	20.3	0.23	0.20	0.25
77	OSWE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.5	17.7	83.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.9	2.1	0.3	75.0	18.0	1.0	2.3	0.4	74.0	19.0	0	1000.06	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.1	21.1	21.3	0.27	0.11	0.21
78	OTIS	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.7	15.6	98.8	0.88	28.49	0.19	1.1	2.6	0.6	11.0	43.0	1.4	3.2	0.7	7.0	41.0	0	978.12	NaN	0.0	0.0	NaN	18.4	20.4	NaN	0.34	0.28	NaN
79	OWEG	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.7	14.6	97.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.8	5.2	1.2	346.0	22.0	3.1	6.7	1.3	351.0	19.0	0	956.93	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.7	20.1	19.8	0.44	0.41	0.35
80	PENN	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.2	15.8	79.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.9	5.6	0.8	352.0	13.0	4.3	6.4	0.9	355.0	9.0	0	981.48	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.7	21.5	21.5	0.19	0.22	0.30
81	PHIL	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	NaN	12.6	98.7	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0	996.28	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.6	19.3	18.9	0.24	0.35	0.36
82	PISE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.5	12.7	94.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.8	1.3	0.2	70.0	26.0	1.0	1.8	0.3	67.0	23.0	0	948.76	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.2	17.3	17.2	0.40	0.39	0.54
83	POTS	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.5	14.2	92.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.4	0.8	0.2	77.0	17.0	0.6	1.2	0.3	77.0	20.0	0	996.59	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.9	20.3	20.3	0.28	0.30	0.28
84	QUEE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	19.0	NaN	98.0	11.95	63.43	2.68	10.0	16.5	2.5	34.0	21.0	9.5	17.0	2.4	37.0	20.0	0	992.56	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
85	RAND	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.2	12.8	93.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.2	0.1	2.0	0.0	0.3	0.8	0.2	313.0	36.0	1	960.59	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.9	20.9	20.7	0.34	0.21	0.22
86	RAQU	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.4	12.5	91.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.4	0.0	133.0	3.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	123.0	15.0	0	949.24	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.1	19.5	18.9	0.31	0.53	0.61
87	REDF	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.4	12.5	82.1	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.8	3.2	0.6	12.0	22.0	1.9	3.8	0.8	12.0	15.0	0	966.79	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.9	19.2	18.9	0.41	0.41	0.29
88	REDH	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.6	16.6	97.8	0.82	19.73	0.24	3.7	6.6	1.2	20.0	20.0	4.2	7.6	1.3	15.0	18.0	0	999.41	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.9	23.9	24.3	0.28	0.25	0.30
89	ROXB	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	14.0	98.2	0.60	11.85	0.14	3.0	5.3	0.9	8.0	18.0	3.4	5.7	1.1	9.0	16.0	0	942.32	NaN	0.0	0.0	NaN	17.2	17.3	NaN	0.55	0.52	NaN
90	RUSH	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.3	12.9	98.3	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.4	0.2	56.0	4.0	0	990.56	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.5	21.3	21.3	0.26	0.25	0.25
91	SARA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	11.2	12.9	96.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.5	0.1	127.0	5.0	0	975.05	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.1	20.9	19.9	0.06	0.06	0.04
92	SBRI	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.9	15.7	66.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.9	4.0	0.5	331.0	10.0	3.0	4.5	0.6	333.0	10.0	0	970.88	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.6	19.7	19.7	0.22	0.23	0.24
93	SCHA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.9	15.1	98.1	0.53	10.01	0.12	0.5	1.4	0.4	342.0	22.0	0.7	1.8	0.4	343.0	27.0	0	997.81	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.5	22.1	22.4	0.22	0.14	0.05
94	SCHO	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.4	16.2	99.9	0.55	9.07	0.18	1.6	4.5	1.0	320.0	45.0	2.2	4.8	1.0	328.0	44.0	0	994.70	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.1	21.9	21.9	0.33	0.19	0.14
95	SCHU	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.8	14.7	96.3	0.07	2.75	0.00	1.3	2.4	0.4	357.0	20.0	1.5	2.8	0.5	1.0	18.0	0	1006.36	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.2	22.4	22.1	0.07	0.12	0.08
96	SCIP	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.4	14.6	82.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.6	6.8	0.9	19.0	11.0	4.9	8.5	1.2	17.0	8.0	0	964.43	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	20.1	20.1	0.24	0.27	0.28
97	SHER	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.2	14.4	96.1	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.8	3.1	0.6	348.0	14.0	2.1	3.4	0.6	351.0	12.0	0	968.29	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.4	20.1	20.3	0.32	0.29	0.24
98	SOME	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.5	16.4	98.3	1.75	46.43	0.44	2.6	6.0	1.4	20.0	35.0	3.0	7.0	1.6	20.0	31.0	0	981.69	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.3	21.7	21.3	0.69	0.42	0.62
99	SOUT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	19.3	19.4	96.6	0.00	23.78	0.00	5.8	11.3	2.1	64.0	14.0	6.3	11.6	2.1	71.0	12.0	0	1003.55	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	22.1	23.4	23.3	0.15	0.09	0.08
100	SPRA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.1	15.1	96.0	0.00	0.48	0.00	2.6	3.9	0.6	60.0	8.0	2.8	4.5	0.7	64.0	9.0	0	986.31	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	19.5	19.9	0.36	0.28	0.34
101	SPRI	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.8	13.7	97.3	0.00	0.03	0.00	3.5	5.0	0.5	30.0	12.0	3.7	5.7	0.6	27.0	12.0	0	957.60	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.4	19.8	19.5	0.19	0.35	0.39
102	STAT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	18.5	18.5	97.6	0.39	93.40	0.00	6.1	9.4	1.6	341.0	22.0	6.6	11.6	1.8	341.0	21.0	0	995.71	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
103	STEP	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.7	15.6	93.0	0.73	8.54	0.21	3.1	5.9	1.1	41.0	21.0	3.4	7.0	1.2	39.0	19.0	0	973.49	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.4	19.9	19.7	0.32	0.33	0.31
104	STON	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	20.3	20.3	98.0	0.00	11.68	0.00	1.1	2.6	0.7	300.0	68.0	1.5	4.2	0.8	306.0	71.0	0	996.97	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	23.9	25.3	25.4	0.30	0.16	0.06
105	SUFF	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.5	16.2	98.6	0.65	66.08	0.16	4.2	12.1	2.0	18.0	21.0	5.0	13.1	2.3	16.0	15.0	0	982.10	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.3	20.1	21.7	0.47	0.34	0.28
106	TANN	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.1	13.4	98.9	0.80	17.90	0.17	0.8	3.5	0.7	25.0	50.0	1.2	3.6	0.7	16.0	53.0	0	926.92	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.0	18.4	18.4	0.59	0.49	0.42
107	TICO	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.5	16.1	96.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.8	2.9	0.3	358.0	16.0	2.0	3.2	0.4	358.0	6.0	1	1001.18	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.8	20.3	19.7	0.25	0.44	0.47
108	TULL	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.8	15.0	94.2	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.6	3.6	0.3	340.0	11.0	3.0	4.5	0.5	345.0	9.0	0	966.06	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.9	21.1	21.3	0.21	0.25	0.17
109	TUPP	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	10.9	11.3	93.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.1	41.0	3.0	0	953.65	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.9	20.5	20.6	0.19	0.28	0.20
110	TYRO	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	14.8	85.7	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.3	0.9	0.3	47.0	28.0	0.5	1.4	0.4	54.0	36.0	0	968.00	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.1	19.3	19.3	0.25	0.31	0.28
111	VOOR	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.9	14.9	98.9	0.26	11.67	0.00	2.2	3.6	0.6	301.0	14.0	2.3	3.9	0.6	304.0	13.0	0	995.81	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.2	21.1	21.1	0.25	0.33	0.19
112	WALL	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.2	16.2	98.4	1.77	24.48	0.45	3.3	5.9	1.3	19.0	25.0	3.8	7.5	1.5	12.0	19.0	0	992.84	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.9	21.9	21.5	0.57	0.42	0.44
113	WALT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.8	13.9	96.3	0.00	2.72	0.00	3.8	6.2	1.0	351.0	16.0	4.2	7.2	1.2	359.0	13.0	0	943.38	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.3	17.2	17.5	0.53	0.51	0.46
114	WANT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	24.1	24.0	98.7	0.06	3.47	0.00	8.0	13.3	1.9	119.0	11.0	8.6	13.7	2.0	123.0	9.0	0	998.15	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	23.7	24.4	24.3	0.22	0.05	0.05
115	WARS	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.8	13.6	85.4	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.9	1.6	0.3	341.0	18.0	1.0	1.6	0.3	339.0	18.0	0	949.88	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.2	18.6	18.0	0.29	0.36	0.32
116	WARW	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.2	16.2	100.0	1.35	46.92	0.29	2.7	4.4	0.6	296.0	20.0	2.9	4.7	0.7	306.0	20.0	0	986.11	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.2	21.1	21.8	0.43	0.32	0.31
117	WATE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.8	15.8	83.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.0	2.4	0.2	353.0	8.0	2.2	3.0	0.3	355.0	6.0	0	993.81	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.5	21.5	21.5	0.40	0.47	0.47
118	WBOU	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.4	14.2	99.1	0.52	19.27	0.11	3.6	5.8	0.9	57.0	16.0	4.0	5.9	1.0	58.0	14.0	0	955.73	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	17.5	20.5	21.3	0.51	0.36	0.34
119	WELL	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	10.8	13.4	98.8	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0	1001.47	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.5	20.7	20.5	0.30	0.32	0.24
120	WEST	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.4	15.2	97.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.2	0.0	300.0	0.0	0.3	0.6	0.2	282.0	9.0	0	986.79	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	19.5	19.5	0.26	0.25	0.32
121	WFMB	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.9	13.6	75.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.8	1.5	0.3	253.0	26.0	0.8	2.0	0.3	250.0	27.0	0	941.26	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	19.9	19.9	0.24	0.18	0.20
122	WGAT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.8	13.8	79.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.4	4.0	1.0	8.0	33.0	1.8	4.6	1.0	11.0	34.0	0	959.46	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.8	20.2	20.7	0.16	0.25	0.08
123	WHIT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.7	15.8	95.9	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.4	2.6	0.4	342.0	19.0	1.6	3.2	0.6	348.0	18.0	1	1006.29	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.3	20.3	20.1	0.28	0.47	0.46
124	WOLC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	16.6	84.6	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.4	0.9	0.2	350.0	19.0	0.6	1.4	0.3	353.0	20.0	0	996.90	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	21.9	23.5	24.2	0.18	0.03	0.07
125	YORK	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.0	13.9	96.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.3	0.1	274.0	0.0	0.2	0.6	0.2	244.0	22.0	0	991.17	NaN	0.0	0.0	0.0	20.5	21.8	21.9	0.13	0.24	0.24

For a relatively small DataFrame as ours, this is ok, but you definitely would want to return to a stricter limit for larger DataFrames (Pandas can support millions of rows and/or columns!) Let’s restrict back down to 10 rows and columns (five at the start, five at the end) now.

pd.set_option('display.max_rows', 10)
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', 10)

Note: Recall that occasionally, there may be some missing data. In Pandas, these are denoted as NaN ... literally, "Not a Number".

A Pandas DataFrame is a 2-dimensional array of rows and columns. To get the array size, print out the shape attribute. The first element is the number of rows, while the second is the number of columns. The following cell prints out the number of rows and columns in this particular DataFrame:

print (df.shape)
nRows = df.shape[0]
nColumns = df.shape[1]
print ("There are %d rows and %d columns in this DataFrame." % (nRows, nColumns))

(126, 30)
There are 126 rows and 30 columns in this DataFrame.

Pandas refers to the column and row names as Indexes, which are 1-d(imensional) arrays. Display the names of the columns:

colNames = df.columns
colNames

Index(['station', 'time', 'temp_2m [degC]', 'temp_9m [degC]',
       'relative_humidity [percent]', 'precip_incremental [mm]',
       'precip_local [mm]', 'precip_max_intensity [mm/min]',
       'avg_wind_speed_prop [m/s]', 'max_wind_speed_prop [m/s]',
       'wind_speed_stddev_prop [m/s]', 'wind_direction_prop [degrees]',
       'wind_direction_stddev_prop [degrees]', 'avg_wind_speed_sonic [m/s]',
       'max_wind_speed_sonic [m/s]', 'wind_speed_stddev_sonic [m/s]',
       'wind_direction_sonic [degrees]',
       'wind_direction_stddev_sonic [degrees]', 'solar_insolation [W/m^2]',
       'station_pressure [mbar]', 'snow_depth [cm]', 'frozen_soil_05cm [bit]',
       'frozen_soil_25cm [bit]', 'frozen_soil_50cm [bit]',
       'soil_temp_05cm [degC]', 'soil_temp_25cm [degC]',
       'soil_temp_50cm [degC]', 'soil_moisture_05cm [m^3/m^3]',
       'soil_moisture_25cm [m^3/m^3]', 'soil_moisture_50cm [m^3/m^3]'],
      dtype='object')

You might think that the row index would have a similar attribute, but it doesn’t:

rowNames = df.rows
rowNames

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [10], in <cell line: 1>()
----> 1 rowNames = df.rows
      2 rowNames

File /knight/anaconda_aug22/envs/aug22_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pandas/core/generic.py:5575, in NDFrame.__getattr__(self, name)
   5568 if (
   5569     name not in self._internal_names_set
   5570     and name not in self._metadata
   5571     and name not in self._accessors
   5572     and self._info_axis._can_hold_identifiers_and_holds_name(name)
   5573 ):
   5574     return self[name]
-> 5575 return object.__getattribute__(self, name)

AttributeError: 'DataFrame' object has no attribute 'rows'

We actually use the index attribute to get at the row names. It’s a special type of object, known as a RangeIndex.

rowNames = df.index
rowNames

RangeIndex(start=0, stop=126, step=1)

We can view this RangeIndex as a Python list as follows:

list(rowNames)

Why are the row indices a sequence of integers beginning at 0, and not the first column (in this case, station) of the DataFrame? As we noted above, that is just the default behavior. We can specify what column to use for the row index as an additional argument to pd.read_csv :

df2 = pd.read_csv(dataFile,index_col=0)

Tip: We assign the resulting `DataFrame` to a different object, to distinguish it from the first one. Once again, we could use any valid object name we want.

df2

	time	temp_2m [degC]	temp_9m [degC]	relative_humidity [percent]	precip_incremental [mm]	...	soil_temp_25cm [degC]	soil_temp_50cm [degC]	soil_moisture_05cm [m^3/m^3]	soil_moisture_25cm [m^3/m^3]	soil_moisture_50cm [m^3/m^3]
station
ADDI	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.3	13.4	92.5	0.00	...	20.3	19.9	0.52	0.44	0.44
ANDE	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	13.7	100.0	0.28	...	19.1	19.3	0.25	0.21	0.14
BATA	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.8	16.3	77.5	0.00	...	21.5	21.3	0.25	0.21	0.22
BEAC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	16.0	15.9	98.6	1.93	...	19.3	19.8	0.51	0.36	0.37
BELD	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.3	14.5	94.9	0.00	...	20.1	20.2	0.50	0.43	0.41
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
WFMB	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.9	13.6	75.0	0.00	...	19.9	19.9	0.24	0.18	0.20
WGAT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	13.8	13.8	79.5	0.00	...	20.2	20.7	0.16	0.25	0.08
WHIT	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	15.7	15.8	95.9	0.00	...	20.3	20.1	0.28	0.47	0.46
WOLC	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	14.0	16.6	84.6	0.00	...	23.5	24.2	0.18	0.03	0.07
YORK	2021-09-02 02:00:00 UTC	12.0	13.9	96.0	0.00	...	21.8	21.9	0.13	0.24	0.24

126 rows × 29 columns

df2.index

Index(['ADDI', 'ANDE', 'BATA', 'BEAC', 'BELD', 'BELL', 'BELM', 'BERK', 'BING',
       'BKLN',
       ...
       'WARW', 'WATE', 'WBOU', 'WELL', 'WEST', 'WFMB', 'WGAT', 'WHIT', 'WOLC',
       'YORK'],
      dtype='object', name='station', length=126)

Now, let’s examine the 2-meter temperature column, and thus, begin our exploration of Pandas’ second core object, the Series.

The pandas `Series`…¶

… is essentially any one of the columns of our DataFrame, with its accompanying Index to provide a label for each value in our column.

pandas Series

The pandas Series is a fast and capable 1-dimensional array of nearly any data type we could want, and it can behave very similarly to a NumPy ndarray or a Python dict. You can take a look at any of the Series that make up your DataFrame with its label and the Python dict notation, or (if permitted), with dot-shorthand:

Python dict notation, using brackets:

t2m = df['temp_2m [degC]'] # Note: column name must typed exactly as it is named, so watch out for spaces!

As a shorthand, we might use treat the column as an attribute and use dot notation to access it, but only in certain circumstances, which does not include the following, due to the presence of spaces and other special characters in this particular column’s name:

#t2m = df.'temp_2m [degC]' # commented out since this will fail!

Tip: It's never wrong to use the dictionary-based technique, so we'll use it in most of the examples in this and subsequent notebooks that use Pandas!

Let’s view this Series object:

t2m

    13.3
    14.0
    14.8
    16.0
    14.3
       ... 
  12.9
  13.8
  15.7
  14.0
  12.0
Name: temp_2m [degC], Length: 126, dtype: float64

A `Series` is a 1-dimensional array, but with the `DataFrame`’s `Index` attached. To represent it as a `Numpy` array, we use its `values` attribute.¶

t2m.values

array([13.3, 14. , 14.8, 16. , 14.3, 13.6, 11.3, 15.4, 14.1, 19.9, 11.7,
       16.2, 13.8, 18. , 13.3, 14.9, 11.8, 13.3, 11.5,  nan, 10.8, 13.4,
       14.5, 14.7, 13.9, 13.7, 11.2, 14.7, 12.6, 14. , 15.6, 12.2, 12.3,
       13.9, 11.3, 16. , 16. , 13.2, 10.6, 14.8, 10.3, 14.9, 11.8, 15.2,
       15.1, 15.7, 14.9, 11.3, 16. , 13.3, 15.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.4, 11.8,
       11.3, 14.4, 15.9, 12. , 14.3, 15.7, 16.7, 13.9, 13.2, 13. , 18.7,
       12.2, 14.2, 14.5, 14.8, 11.5, 14.9, 11.9, 13. , 18.2, 13.9, 14.4,
       14.5, 15.7, 14.7, 15.2,  nan, 12.5, 13.5, 19. , 12.2, 12.4, 12.4,
       16.6, 14. , 11.3, 11.2, 14.9, 14.9, 16.4, 14.8, 14.4, 14.2, 16.5,
       19.3, 15.1, 13.8, 18.5, 15.7, 20.3, 16.5, 13.1, 15.5, 14.8, 10.9,
       14. , 14.9, 16.2, 13.8, 24.1, 12.8, 16.2, 14.8, 14.4, 10.8, 14.4,
       12.9, 13.8, 15.7, 14. , 12. ])

Tip: In this case, we must use dot notation, but this is because values is not a column name, but a particular attribute of this Series object.

Notice that there is metadata … i.e., data about the data, attached to this data series … in the form of the column index name. Without it, we’d have no idea what the data represents nor what units its in.

Tip: Once we start working with data in NetCDF format, as part of the Xarray library, we will see that NetCDF has even more advanced support for including metadata.

There are several interesting methods available for Series. One is describe, which prints summary statistics on numerical Series objects:

t2m.describe()

count    124.000000
mean      14.242742
std        2.200561
min       10.300000
25%       12.750000
50%       14.200000
75%       15.200000
max       24.100000
Name: temp_2m [degC], dtype: float64

Tip: Yet another Pythonic nuance here ... note that we follow describe with a set of parentheses (). In this case, describe is a particular method, or function that is available for a Pandas Series.

Exercise: Now define a Series object called RH and populate it with the column from the DataFrame corresponding to Relative Humidity. Print out its values and get its summary statistics.

# Write your code below. 
# After you have done so, you can compare your code to the solution by uncommenting the line in the cell below.

# %load /spare11/atm533/common/pandas/01a.py

Question: Was the count, obtained when you ran the summary statistics method, the same as for 2-meter temperature? If not, why?

# Uncomment the line below after you have considered the question.

# %load /spare11/atm533/common/week4/01b.py

Summary¶

Pandas is a very powerful tool for working with tabular (i.e. spreadsheet-style) data
Pandas core objects are the DataFrame and the Series
A Pandas DataFrame consists of one or more Series
Pandas can be helpful for exploratory data analysis, such as basic statistics

What’s Next?¶

In the next notebook, we will use Pandas to further examine meteorological data from the New York State Mesonet and display it on a map.

ATM433/533 Fall 2022

Pandas 1: Introduction to Pandas

Contents

Pandas 1: Introduction to Pandas¶

Overview¶

`Pandas`, along with `Matplotlib` and `Numpy`, forms the Great Triumvirate of the scientific Python ecosystem. Its features, as cited in https://pandas.pydata.org/about/, include:¶

Prerequisites¶

Imports¶

The pandas `DataFrame`…¶

The pandas `Series`…¶

A `Series` is a 1-dimensional array, but with the `DataFrame`’s `Index` attached. To represent it as a `Numpy` array, we use its `values` attribute.¶

Summary¶

What’s Next?¶

Resources and References¶

ATM433/533 Fall 2022

Pandas 1: Introduction to Pandas

Contents

Pandas 1: Introduction to Pandas¶

Overview¶

Pandas, along with Matplotlib and Numpy, forms the Great Triumvirate of the scientific Python ecosystem. Its features, as cited in https://pandas.pydata.org/about/, include:¶

Prerequisites¶

Imports¶

The pandas DataFrame…¶

The pandas Series…¶

A Series is a 1-dimensional array, but with the DataFrame’s Index attached. To represent it as a Numpy array, we use its values attribute.¶

Summary¶

What’s Next?¶

Resources and References¶

`Pandas`, along with `Matplotlib` and `Numpy`, forms the Great Triumvirate of the scientific Python ecosystem. Its features, as cited in https://pandas.pydata.org/about/, include:¶

The pandas `DataFrame`…¶

The pandas `Series`…¶

A `Series` is a 1-dimensional array, but with the `DataFrame`’s `Index` attached. To represent it as a `Numpy` array, we use its `values` attribute.¶